Under which of the following circumstances an elected member of Parliament may be disqualified on the ground of defection? 1. If he voluntarily gives up his membership of a political party. 2. If he votes or abstains from voting contrary to any direction issued by his political party without prior permission of the political party. 3. If he speaks against the political party. 4. If he joins a political party other than the party on whose ticket he contested and got elected.